Minggui made mice expressing NFATc1 at slightly higher levels in the nucleus and showed that slightly tipping the balance of nuclear NFATc1 will result in dramatic phenotypes in the developing mouse; leading to a fantastic increase in bone formation and to spontaneous T cell activation. His work indicates that the second signal (through CD28) required for T cell activation probably functions by slowing the rate of export of NFATc proteins from the nucleus. Minggui is an MD/PhD and decided that his first love was medicine and hence has taken up the full time practice of oncology. He can be reached at: Minggui.Pan@kp.org.